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Artificial Intelligence

How people really use AI: The surprising truth from analysing billions of interactions

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For the past year, we’ve been told that artificial intelligence is revolutionising productivity—helping us write emails, generate code, and summarise documents. But what if the reality of how people actually use AI is completely different from what we’ve been led to believe?

A data-driven study by OpenRouter has just pulled back the curtain on real-world AI usage by analysing over 100 trillion tokens—essentially billions upon billions of conversations and interactions with large language models like ChatGPT, Claude, and dozens of others. The findings challenge many assumptions about the AI revolution.

​​OpenRouter is a multi-model AI inference platform that routes requests across more than 300 models from over 60 providers—from OpenAI and Anthropic to open-source alternatives like DeepSeek and Meta’s LLaMA. 

With over 50% of its usage originating outside the United States and serving millions of developers globally, the platform offers a unique cross-section of how AI is actually deployed across different geographies, use cases, and user types. 

Importantly, the study analysed metadata from billions of interactions without accessing the actual text of conversations, preserving user privacy while revealing behavioural patterns.

Open-source AI models have grown to capture approximately one-third of total usage by late 2025, with notable spikes following major releases.

The roleplay revolution nobody saw coming

Perhaps the most surprising discovery: more than half of all open-source AI model usage isn’t for productivity at all. It’s for roleplay and creative storytelling.

Yes, you read that right. While tech executives tout AI’s potential to transform business, users are spending the majority of their time engaging in character-driven conversations, interactive fiction, and gaming scenarios. 

Over 50% of open-source model interactions fall into this category, dwarfing even programming assistance.

“This counters an assumption that LLMs are mostly used for writing code, emails, or summaries,” the report states. “In reality, many users engage with these models for companionship or exploration.”

This isn’t just casual chatting. The data shows users treat AI models as structured roleplaying engines, with 60% of roleplay tokens falling under specific gaming scenarios and creative writing contexts. It’s a massive, largely invisible use case that’s reshaping how AI companies think about their products.

Programming’s meteoric rise

While roleplay dominates open-source usage, programming has become the fastest-growing category across all AI models. At the start of 2025, coding-related queries accounted for just 11% of total AI usage. By the end of the year, that figure had exploded to over 50%.

This growth reflects AI’s deepening integration into software development. Average prompt lengths for programming tasks have grown fourfold, from around 1,500 tokens to over 6,000, with some code-related requests exceeding 20,000 tokens—roughly equivalent to feeding an entire codebase into an AI model for analysis.

For context, programming queries now generate some of the longest and most complex interactions in the entire AI ecosystem. Developers aren’t just asking for simple code snippets anymore; they’re conducting sophisticated debugging sessions, architectural reviews, and multi-step problem solving.

Anthropic’s Claude models dominate this space, capturing over 60% of programming-related usage for most of 2025, though competition is intensifying as Google, OpenAI, and open-source alternatives gain ground.

Programming-related queries exploded from 11% of total AI usage in early 2025 to over 50% by year’s end.

The Chinese AI surge

Another major revelation: Chinese AI models now account for approximately 30% of global usage—nearly triple their 13% share at the start of 2025.

Models from DeepSeek, Qwen (Alibaba), and Moonshot AI have rapidly gained traction, with DeepSeek alone processing 14.37 trillion tokens during the study period. This represents a fundamental shift in the global AI landscape, where Western companies no longer hold unchallenged dominance.

Simplified Chinese is now the second-most common language for AI interactions globally at 5% of total usage, behind only English at 83%. Asia’s overall share of AI spending more than doubled from 13% to 31%, with Singapore emerging as the second-largest country by usage after the United States.

The rise of “Agentic” AI

The study introduces a concept that will define AI’s next phase: agentic inference. This means AI models are no longer just answering single questions—they’re executing multi-step tasks, calling external tools, and reasoning across extended conversations.

The share of AI interactions classified as “reasoning-optimised” jumped from nearly zero in early 2025 to over 50% by year’s end. This reflects a fundamental shift from AI as a text generator to AI as an autonomous agent capable of planning and execution.

“The median LLM request is no longer a simple question or isolated instruction,” the researchers explain. “Instead, it is part of a structured, agent-like loop, invoking external tools, reasoning over state, and persisting across longer contexts.”

Think of it this way: instead of asking AI to “write a function,” you’re now asking it to “debug this codebase, identify the performance bottleneck, and implement a solution”—and it can actually do it.

The “Glass Slipper Effect”

One of the study’s most fascinating insights relates to user retention. Researchers discovered what they call the Cinderella “Glass Slipper” effect—a phenomenon where AI models that are “first to solve” a critical problem create lasting user loyalty.

When a newly released model perfectly matches a previously unmet need—the metaphorical “glass slipper”—those early users stick around far longer than later adopters. For example, the June 2025 cohort of Google’s Gemini 2.5 Pro retained approximately 40% of users at month five, substantially higher than later cohorts.

This challenges conventional wisdom about AI competition. Being first matters, but specifically being first to solve a high-value problem creates a durable competitive advantage. Users embed these models into their workflows, making switching costly both technically and behaviorally.

Cost doesn’t matter (as much as you’d think)

Perhaps counterintuitively, the study reveals that AI usage is relatively price-inelastic. A 10% decrease in price corresponds to only about a 0.5-0.7% increase in usage.

Premium models from Anthropic and OpenAI command $2-35 per million tokens while maintaining high usage, while budget options like DeepSeek and Google’s Gemini Flash achieve similar scale at under $0.40 per million tokens. Both coexist successfully.

“The LLM market does not seem to behave like a commodity just yet,” the report concludes. “Users balance cost with reasoning quality, reliability, and breadth of capability.”

This means AI hasn’t become a race to the bottom on pricing. Quality, reliability, and capability still command premiums—at least for now.

What this means going forward

The OpenRouter study paints a picture of real-world AI usage that’s far more nuanced than industry narratives suggest. Yes, AI is transforming programming and professional work. But it’s also creating entirely new categories of human-computer interaction through roleplay and creative applications.

The market is diversifying geographically, with China emerging as a major force. The technology is evolving from simple text generation to complex, multi-step reasoning. And user loyalty depends less on being first to market than on being first to truly solve a problem.

As the report notes, “ways in which people use LLMs do not always align with expectations and vary significantly country by country, state by state, use case by use case.”

Understanding these real-world patterns—not just benchmark scores or marketing claims—will be crucial as AI becomes further embedded in daily life. The gap between how we think AI is used and how it’s actually used is wider than most realise. This study helps close that gap.

See also: Deep Cogito v2: Open-source AI that hones its reasoning skills

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Want to learn more about AI and big data from industry leaders? Check out AI & Big Data Expo taking place in Amsterdam, California, and London. The comprehensive event is part of TechEx and is co-located with other leading technology events including the Cyber Security Expo. Click here for more information.

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Artificial Intelligence

How Cisco builds smart systems for the AI era

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Among the big players in technology, Cisco is one of the sector’s leaders that’s advancing operational deployments of AI internally to its own operations, and the tools it sells to its customers around the world. As a large company, its activities encompass many areas of the typical IT stack, including infrastructure, services, security, and the design of entire enterprise-scale networks.

Cisco’s internal teams use a blend of machine learning and agentic AI to help them improve their own service delivery and personalise user experiences for its customers. It’s built a shared AI fabric built on patterns of compute and networking that are the product of years spent checking and validating its systems – battle-hardened solutions it then has the confidence to offer to customers. The infrastructure in play relies on high-performance GPUs, of course, but it’s not just raw horse-power. The detail is in the careful integration between compute and network stacks used in model training and the quite different demands from the ongoing load of inference.

Having made its name as the de facto supplier of networking infrastructure for the enterprise, it comes as no shock that it’s in network automation that some of its better-known uses of AI finds their place. Automated configuration workflows and identity management combine into access solutions that are focused on rapid network deployments generated by natural language.

For organisations looking to develop into the next generation of AI users, Cisco has been rolling out hardware and orchestration tools that are aimed explicitly to support AI workloads. A recent collaboration with chip giant NVIDIA led to the emergence of a new line of switches and the Nexus Hyperfabric line of AI network controllers. These aim to simplify the deployment of the complex clusters needed for top-end, high-performance artificial intelligence clusters.

Cisco’s Secure AI Factory framework with partners like NVIDIA and Run:ai is aimed at production-grade AI pipelines. It uses distributed orchestration, GPU utilisation governance, Kubernetes microservice optimisation, and storage, under the umbrella product description Intersight. For more local deployments, Cisco Unified Edge brings all the necessary elements – compute, networking, security, and storage – close to where data gets generated and processed.

In environments where latency metrics are critically important, AI processing at the edge is the answer. But Cisco’s approach is not necessarily to offer dedicated IIoT-specific solutions. Instead, it tries to extend the operational models typically found in a data centre and applies the same technology (if not the same exact methodology) to edge sites. It’s like data centre-grade security policies and configurations available to remote installations. Having the same precepts and standards in cloud and edge mean that Cisco accredited engineers can manage and maintain data centres or small edge deployments using the same skills, accreditation, knowledge, and experience.

Security and risk management figure prominently in the Cisco AI narrative. Its Integrated AI Security and Safety Framework applies high standards of safety and security throughout the life-cycle of AI systems. It considers adversarial threats, supply chain weakness, the risk profiles of multi-agent interactions, and multi-modal vulnerabilities as issues that have to be addressed regardless of the nature or size of any deployment.

Cisco’s work on operational AI also reflects broader ecosystem conversations. The company markets products for organisations wanting to make the transition from generative to agentic AI, where autonomous software agents carry out operational tasks. In most cases, this requires new tooling and new operational protocols.

Cisco’s future AI plans include continuing its central work in infrastructure provision for AI workloads. It’s also pursuing broader adoption of AI-ready networks, including next-gen wireless and unified management systems that will control systems across campus, branch, and cloud environments. The company is also expanding its software and platform investments, including its most recent acquisition (NeuralFabric), to help it build a more comprehensive software stack and product portfolio.

In summary, Cisco’s AI deployment strategy combines hardware, software, and service elements that embed AI into operations, giving organisations a route to production-grade systems. Its work can be found in large-scale infrastructure, systems for unified management, risk mitigation, and anywhere that connects distributed, cloud, and edge computing.

(Image source: Pixabay)

 

Want to learn more about AI and big data from industry leaders? Check out AI & Big Data Expo taking place in Amsterdam, California, and London. The comprehensive event is part of TechEx and co-located with other leading technology events. Click here for more information.

AI News is powered by TechForge Media. Explore other upcoming enterprise technology events and webinars here.

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Combing the Rackspace blogfiles for operational AI pointers

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In a recent blog output, Rackspace refers to the bottlenecks familiar to many readers: messy data, unclear ownership, governance gaps, and the cost of running models once they become part of production. The company frames them through the lens of service delivery, security operations, and cloud modernisation, which tells you where it is putting its own effort.

One of the clearest examples of operational AI inside Rackspace sits in its security business. In late January, the company described RAIDER (Rackspace Advanced Intelligence, Detection and Event Research) as a custom back-end platform built for its internal cyber defense centre. With security teams working amid many alerts and logs, standard detection engineering doesn’t scale if dependent on the manual writing of security rules. Rackspace says its RAIDER system unifies threat intelligence with detection engineering workflows and uses its AI Security Engine (RAISE) and LLMs to automate detection rule creation, generating detection criteria it describes as “platform-ready” in line with known frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK. The company claims it’s cut detection development time by more than half and reduced mean time to detect and respond. This is just the kind of internal process change that matters.

The company also positions agentic AI as a way of taking the friction out of complex engineering programmes. A January post on modernising VMware environments on AWS describes a model in which AI agents handle data-intensive analysis and many repeating tasks, yet it keeps “architectural judgement, governance and business decisions” remain in the human domain. Rackspace presents this workflow as stopping senior engineers being sidelined into migration projects. The article states the target is to keep day two operations in scope – where many migration plans fail as teams discover they have modernised infrastructure but not operating practices.

Elsewhere the company sets out a picture of AI-supported operations where monitoring becomes more predictive, routine incidents are handled by bots and automation scripts, and telemetry (plus historical data) are used to spot patterns and, it turn, recommend fixes. This is conventional AIOps language, but it Rackspace is tying such language to managed services delivery, suggesting the company uses AI to reduce the cost of labour in operational pipelines in addition to the more familiar use of AI in customer-facing environments.

In a post describing AI-enabled operations, the company stresses the importance of focus strategy, governance and operating models. It specifies the machinery it needed to industrialise AI, such as choosing infrastructure based on whether workloads involve training, fine-tuning or inference. Many tasks are relatively lightweight and can run inference locally on existing hardware.

The company’s noted four recurring barriers to AI adoption, most notably that of fragmented and inconsistent data, and it recommends investment in integration and data management so models have consistent foundations. This is not an opinion unique to Rackspace, of course, but having it writ large by a technology-first, big player is illustrative of the issues faced by many enterprise-scale AI deployments.

A company of even greater size, Microsoft, is working to coordinate autonomous agents’ work across systems. Copilot has evolved into an orchestration layer, and in Microsoft’s ecosystem, multi-step task execution and broader model choice do exist. However, it’s noteworthy that Redmond is called out by Rackspace on the fact that productivity gains only arrive when identity, data access, and oversight are firmly ensconced into operations.

Rackspace’s near-term AI plan comprises of AI-assisted security engineering, agent-supported modernisation, and AI-augmented service management. Its future plans can perhaps be discerned in a January article published on the company’s blog that concerns private cloud AI trends. In it, the author argues inference economics and governance will drive architecture decisions well into 2026. It anticipates ‘bursty’ exploration in public clouds, while moving inference tasks into private clouds on the grounds of cost stability, and compliance. That’s a roadmap for operational AI grounded in budget and audit requirements, not novelty.

For decision-makers trying to accelerate their own deployments, the useful takeaway is that Rackspace has treats AI as an operational discipline. The concrete, published examples it gives are those that reduce cycle time in repeatable work. Readers may accept the company’s direction and still be wary of the company’s claimed metrics. The steps to take inside a growing business are to discover repeating processes, examine where strict oversight is necessary because of data governance, and where inference costs might be reduced by bringing some processing in-house.

(Image source: Pixabay)

 

Want to learn more about AI and big data from industry leaders? Check out AI & Big Data Expo taking place in Amsterdam, California, and London. The comprehensive event is part of TechEx and co-located with other leading technology events. Click here for more information.

AI News is powered by TechForge Media. Explore other upcoming enterprise technology events and webinars here.

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Artificial Intelligence

Ronnie Sheth, CEO, SENEN Group: Why now is the time for enterprise AI to ‘get practical'

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Before you set sail on your AI journey, always check the state of your data – because if there is one thing likely to sink your ship, it is data quality.

Gartner estimates that poor data quality costs organisations an average of $12.9 million each year in wasted resources and lost opportunities. That’s the bad news. The good news is that organisations are increasingly understanding the importance of their data quality – and less likely to fall into this trap.

That’s the view of Ronnie Sheth, CEO of AI strategy, execution and governance firm SENEN Group. The company focuses on data and AI advisory, operationalisation and literacy, and Sheth notes she has been in the data and AI space ‘ever since [she] was a corporate baby’, so there is plenty of real-world experience behind the viewpoint. There is also plenty of success; Sheth notes that her company has a 99.99% client repeat rate.

“If I were to be very practical, the one thing I’ve noticed is companies jump into adopting AI before they’re ready,” says Sheth. Companies, she notes, will have an executive direction insisting they adopt AI, but without a blueprint or roadmap to accompany it. The result may be impressive user numbers, but with no measurable outcome to back anything up.

Even as recently as 2024, Sheth saw many organisations struggling because their data was ‘nowhere where it needed to be.’ “Not even close,” she adds. Now, the conversation has turned more practical and strategic. Companies are realising this, and coming to SENEN Group initially to get help with their data, rather than wanting to adopt AI immediately.

“When companies like that come to us, the first course of order is really fixing their data,” says Sheth. “The next course of order is getting to their AI model. They are building a strong foundation for any AI initiative that comes after that.

“Once they fix their data, they can build as many AI models as they want, and they can have as many AI solutions as they want, and they will get accurate outputs because now they have a strong foundation,” Sheth adds.

With breadth and depth in expertise, SENEN Group allows organisations to right their course. Sheth notes the example of one customer who came to them wanting a data governance initiative. Ultimately, it was the data strategy which was needed – the why and how, the outcomes of what they were trying to do with their data – before adding in governance and providing a roadmap for an operating model. “They’ve moved from raw data to descriptive analytics, moving into predictive analytics, and now we’re actually setting up an AI strategy for them,” says Sheth.

It is this attitude and requirement for practical initiatives which will be the cornerstone of Sheth’s discussion at AI & Big Data Expo Global in London this week. “Now would be the time to get practical with AI, especially enterprise AI adoption, and not think about ‘look, we’re going to innovate, we’re going to do pilots, we’re going to experiment,’” says Sheth. “Now is not the time to do that. Now is the time to get practical, to get AI to value. This is the year to do that in the enterprise.”

Watch the full video conversation with Ronnie Sheth below:

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